Source code for qinfer.tomography.distributions

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
##
# distributions.py: Fiducial and informative prior distributions for quantum
#     states and channels.
##
# © 2017, Chris Ferrie (csferrie@gmail.com) and
#         Christopher Granade (cgranade@cgranade.com).
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
#     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
#        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#
#     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
#        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
#        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
#     3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
#        contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
#        this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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##

# TODO: docstrings!
# TODO: unit tests!

## FEATURES ##################################################################

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division

## IMPORTS ###################################################################

from qinfer._due import due, Doi
from qinfer import Distribution, SingleSampleMixin
from qinfer.tomography.bases import gell_mann_basis, tensor_product_basis

import abc
import itertools as it

import numpy as np

# Since the rest of QInfer does not require QuTiP,
# we need to import it in a way that we don't propagate exceptions if QuTiP
# is missing or is too early a version.
from qinfer.utils import get_qutip_module
qt = get_qutip_module('3.2')

import warnings

## EXPORTS ###################################################################

__all__ = [
    'DensityOperatorDistribution',
    'GinibreDistribution',
    'GinibreReditDistribution',
    'BCSZChoiDistribution',
    'GADFLIDistribution',
    'TensorProductDistribution'
]

## FUNCTIONS #################################################################
# TODO: almost all of these bases need moved out, contributed to QuTiP.

def rand_dm_ginibre_redit(N=2, rank=None, dims=None):
    # TODO: contribute to QuTiP!
    if rank is None:
        rank = N
    X = np.random.randn(N * rank).reshape((N, rank))
    rho = np.dot(X, X.T)
    rho /= np.trace(rho)

    return qt.Qobj(rho, dims=dims)

## CLASSES ###################################################################

[docs]class DensityOperatorDistribution(SingleSampleMixin, Distribution): """ Distribution over density operators parameterized in a given basis. :type basis: `int` or :class:`TomographyBasis` :param basis: Basis to use in representing sampled density operators. If an `int`, assumes a default (Gell-Mann) basis of that dimension. """ def __init__(self, basis): if isinstance(basis, int): basis = gell_mann_basis(basis) self._dim = basis.dim self._basis = basis @abc.abstractmethod def _sample_dm(self): pass @property def n_rvs(self): """ Number of random variables represented by this distribution. :type: `int` """ return self._dim **2 @property def dim(self): """ Dimension of the Hilbert space on which sampled density operators act. :type: `int` """ return self._dim @property def basis(self): """ Basis used to represent sampled density operators as model parameter vectors. """ return self._basis def _sample(self): sample_dm = self._sample_dm() sample_dm /= sample_dm.tr() return self.basis.state_to_modelparams(sample_dm)
[docs]class TensorProductDistribution(DensityOperatorDistribution): """ This class is implemented using QuTiP (v3.1.0 or later), and thus will not work unless QuTiP is installed. :param factors: Distributions representing each factor of the tensor product used to generate samples. :type factors: `list` of :class:`DensityOperatorDistribution` instances """ def __init__(self, factors): super(TensorProductDistribution, self).__init__( basis=tensor_product_basis( factor.basis for factor in factors ) ) self._factors = tuple(factors) def _sample_dm(self): return qt.tensor([ factor_dist._sample_dm() for factor_dist in self._factors ])
[docs]class GinibreDistribution(DensityOperatorDistribution): """ Distribution over all trace-1 positive semidefinite operators of a given rank. Generalizes the Hilbert-Schmidt (full-rank) and Haar (rank-1) distributions. :param TomographyBasis basis: Basis to use in generating samples. :param int rank: Rank of each sampled state. If `None`, defaults to full-rank. """ def __init__(self, basis, rank=None): super(GinibreDistribution, self).__init__(basis) if rank is not None and rank > self.dim: raise ValueError("rank must not exceed basis dimension.") self._rank = rank def __repr__(self): return "<GinibreDistribution dims={}, rank={}, basis={}>".format( self.dim, self._rank if self._rank is not None else self.dim, self.basis.name ) def _sample_dm(self): # Generate and flatten a density operator, so that we can multiply it # by the transformation defined above. return qt.rand_dm_ginibre(self._dim, rank=self._rank)
[docs]class GinibreReditDistribution(DensityOperatorDistribution): """ Distribution over all real-valued trace-1 positive semidefinite operators of a given rank. Generalizes the Hilbert-Schmidt (full-rank) and Haar (rank-1) distributions. Useful for plotting. :param TomographyBasis basis: Basis to use in generating samples. :param int rank: Rank of each sampled state. If `None`, defaults to full-rank. """ def __init__(self, basis, rank=None): super(GinibreReditDistribution, self).__init__(basis) self._rank = rank def _sample_dm(self): # Generate and flatten a density operator, so that we can multiply it # by the transformation defined above. return rand_dm_ginibre_redit(self._dim, rank=self._rank)
[docs]class BCSZChoiDistribution(DensityOperatorDistribution): """ Samples Choi states for completely-positive (CP) or CP and trace-preserving (CPTP) maps, as generated by the BCSZ prior [BCSZ09]_. The sampled states are normalized as states (trace 1). """ @due.dcite( Doi("10.1016/j.physleta.2008.11.043"), description="BCSZ distribution", tags=['implementation'] ) def __init__(self, basis, rank=None, enforce_tp=True): if isinstance(basis, int): basis = gell_mann_basis(basis) self._hdim = basis.dim # TODO: take basis on underlying space, tensor up? channel_basis = tensor_product_basis(basis, basis) # FIXME: this is a hack to get another level of nesting. channel_basis.dims = [basis.dims, basis.dims] channel_basis.superrep = 'choi' super(BCSZChoiDistribution, self).__init__(channel_basis) self._rank = rank self._enforce_tp = enforce_tp def _sample_dm(self): return qt.to_choi( qt.rand_super_bcsz(self._hdim, self._enforce_tp, self._rank) ).unit()
[docs]class GADFLIDistribution(DensityOperatorDistribution): """ Samples operators from the generalized amplitude damping prior for liklihood-based inference [GCC16]_, given a fiducial distribution and the desired mean for the prior. :param DensityOperatorDistribution fiducial_distribution: Distribution from which samples are initially drawn before transformation under generalized amplitude damping. :param qutip.Qobj mean: State which will be the mean of the GAD-transformed samples. """ def __init__(self, fiducial_distribution, mean): super(GADFLIDistribution, self).__init__(fiducial_distribution.basis) self._fid = fiducial_distribution mean = ( qt.to_choi(mean).unit() if mean.type == 'super' and not mean.superrep == 'choi' else mean ) self._mean = mean alpha = 1 lambda_min = min(mean.eigenenergies()) if lambda_min < 0: raise ValueError("Negative eigenvalue {} in informative mean.".format(lambda_min)) d = self.dim beta = ( 1 / (d * lambda_min - 1) - 1 ) if lambda_min > 0.5 else ( (d * lambda_min) / (1 - d * lambda_min) ) if beta < 0: raise ValueError("Beta < 0 for informative mean.") self._alpha = alpha self._beta = beta eye = qt.qeye(self._dim).unit() eye.dims = mean.dims self._rho_star = (alpha + beta) / alpha * ( mean - (beta) / (alpha + beta) * eye.unit() ) def _sample_dm(self): fid_samp = self._fid._sample_dm() eps = np.random.beta(self._alpha, self._beta) return (1 - eps) * fid_samp + eps * self._rho_star